Delhi AQI: Why Indian capital lags behind Beijing in the battle to breathe

For a long time, people living in two densely populated Asian capitals have suffered the toxic smog that blanket their cities.

On some days, when the smoke draped Delhi and Beijing – both teeming cities with more than 20 million people – in an orange-grey hue, and the air tasted smoky, people said it felt like living in a dystopian nightmare. Beijing residents even gave the calamity a popular nickname – “airpocalypse”.

That time of the year is back in Delhi, but Beijing is breathing much better.

Particulate matter, known as PM2.5 – particles so small they can be ingested deep into the lungs – and a cocktail of gases hang heavy over land-locked Delhi, among the world’s most polluted cities. Low wind speeds trap pollutants in the lower atmosphere, worsening air quality.

Authorities briefly close schools, order diesel vehicles off the roads, halt construction work, ask people to work from home, ban firecrackers. Much of this is difficult to enforce in India’s chaotic democracy. Residents cough, wheeze and outrage, and life goes on.

On Monday, the morning after Diwali, the Hindu festival of lights, when revellers burst firecrackers despite the ban, Delhi was among the world’s top cities for pollution. A government app showed the Air Quality Index, or AQI in some places climbing to above 520 on Monday morning. (Anything below 50 is considered good.)

On the same morning in Beijing, the skies were bluer, and the AQI levels were less than a fifth of Delhi’s. Since 2013, Beijing – and China at large – has waged a determined war on air pollution using a range of command-and-control measures.

An ambitious action plan banned new coal capacities, shut off coal-fuelled heating in residential buildings, raised fuel and engine standards on diesel trucks and scrapped old, polluting cars, among other measures. People were encouraged to switch to electric cars and ride their bicycles for shorter trips.

Beijing worked hard to enhance air quality within the city, but the significant improvements over the last decade came when they extended their efforts beyond the city limits, according to Lauri Myllyvirta, an analyst at the Helsinki-based Center for Research on Energy and Clean Air.

By establishing a “key control region” that covered industrial clusters and major emission sources outside the city, authorities achieved more impactful results, he told me. Beijing’s budget to fight air pollution leapt from just over $430m (£350m) in 2013 to more $2.6bn in 2017.

The results have been impressive. Air pollution in Beijing has declined by about 50%, and by about 40% countrywide since 2013, according to The Air Quality Life Index, or AQLI, produced by University of Chicago’s Energy Pollution Institute. “Beijing used to rank very high [in the air pollution indexes]. But it has seen a dramatic improvement. There’s a strong push from coal to gas and renewable power sources. It is easier to buy electric cars than petrol ones,” Chim Lee, China analyst at the Economist Intelligence Unit, told me.

Experts acknowledge that Delhi’s two decade-long effort to improve air quality has also shown some results. The city has moved out formal polluting industries, shut coal-based power plants, introduced the world’s largest natural gas-based public transport programme, forced old commercial vehicles off the roads, slapped stricter emission standards and built an efficient metro.

Have these measures impacted the city’s air quality? Yes, they have, says Anumita Roychowdhury, an air pollution expert and the executive director of Delhi-based Centre for Science and Environment. “Long term air quality trends in Delhi show that levels are not going up on year-on-year basis. It is actually coming down. It means Delhi has stabilised the problem and bent the pollution curve. But it also means Delhi needs to slash PM2.5 levels by another 60% to be able to meet clear air standards,” she told me.

Yet, Delhi’s battle against air pollution stumbles due to inadequate planning, wrongly designed policies and partisan politics.

Research shows that over half of Delhi’s pollution stems from vehicular emissions. This is followed by smoke from coal-fired industries, burning of waste and dust from construction sites.

During winter, the burning of…